What type of satellite orbit allows for coverage of the polar regions?

• A. Equatorial orbit
• B. Geosynchronous orbit
• C. Low earth orbit
• D. Polar orbit

Answer: (D)

A polar orbit is specifically designed to enable satellites to pass over the Earth's poles, providing coverage of the polar regions. In a polar orbit, the satellite moves in a north-south direction relative to the Earth’s surface, allowing it to pass over different parts of the Earth as the planet rotates underneath it. This type of orbit is optimal for missions that require comprehensive coverage of the Earth's surface, including remote sensing and Earth observation, as it can capture data from areas that are typically underserved in other types of orbits.

Conversely, an equatorial orbit primarily focuses on areas near the equator and does not provide coverage of the poles. A geosynchronous orbit maintains a constant position relative to the Earth's surface, which limits its ability to cover polar regions since its footprint is restricted to the equatorial belt. Low Earth orbit can provide some capability for polar coverage depending on the satellite's specific inclination, but it does not inherently guarantee the same consistent access to the poles as a polar orbit does. Thus, the polar orbit is the clear choice for ensuring coverage of the polar areas.